Conheça as causas da diabetes em cada tipo do quadro
Na prática, essa alteração pode ser resumida como uma forma de desequilíbrio nos níveis de açúcar no sangue. Apesar disso, as causas da diabetes variam, ainda que as consequências sejam similares.
As diferenças entre as explicações para as motivações de quadros de diabetes tipo 1, tipo 2 e gestacional influenciam nos tratamentos disponíveis e no que deve ser feito para prevenir o seu desenvolvimento.
Os elementos envolvidos nas causas de cada tipo de diabetes
O descontrole do patamar glicêmico adequado é resultado da incapacidade do corpo em produzir a insulina ou do aumento da resistência à ação do hormônio. Vale sempre lembrar que esse hormônio é fundamental para o metabolismo do açúcar, convertendo-o em energia.
Em linhas gerais, a maneira pela qual há a perda da capacidade de aproveitar ou liberar a substância é que está por trás das causas da diabetes.
Diabetes tipo 1
A insulina é produzida pelo pâncreas. Essa glândula fica localizada atrás do estômago e libera o hormônio se houver necessidadehá necessidade disso, como após uma refeição.
Uma vez na corrente sanguínea, ela indica às células que existe açúcar disponível, abrindo uma espécie de “fechadura” em cada uma delas para que a fonte de energia seja aproveitada.
No entanto, em algumas pessoas, uma crise autoimune danifica a ação pancreática. Em outras palavras, as defesas existentes contra invasores atacam indevidamente a glândula, afetando a produção desse regulador pancreático.
Não se sabe ao certo o que desencadeia tal processo. Contudo, existe a suspeita que de tenha influência hereditária (ou seja, dos genes provenientes da família) ou possa ser disparado por infecções.
A maioria dos diagnósticos do diabetes tipo 1 é feito na infância, mas adultos também tendem a desenvolvê-la. De acordo com o Ministério da Saúde, ela atinge menos de 10% dos diabéticos no país.
Um diferencial é que quase invariavelmente a pessoa passa a ser insulinodependente. Isso significa que a administração de insulina, acompanhada ou não de outros medicamentos, costuma ser parte essencial do tratamento.
Diabetes tipo 2

Se na primeira forma da condição o pâncreas perde sua funcionalidade, aqui ele provavelmente continua atuando normalmente.
A questão do diabetes tipo 2 é que ainda existe disponibilidade de insulina para “queimar” o açúcar. Porém, isso deixa de acontecer em consequência do desenvolvimento de resistência ao hormônio.
Entre os aspectos que conduzem a esse estágio e, por consequência, ao aparecimento dessa categoria de diabetes estão:
- carga hereditária (alguém com recorrência do diabetes tipo 2 na família tem mais chances de desenvolver isso);
- sobrepeso e obesidade;
- sedentarismo (ou seja, não praticar exercícios regularmente);
- descontrole de disfunções renais, da pressão arterial e do colesterol;
- alimentação desbalanceada, com excesso de itens ricos em sal, gordura e açúcar;
- uso abusivo de álcool e de tabaco;
- histórico de diabetes gestacional ou pré-diabetes.
A idade é outro fator preponderante no risco de diabetes tipo 2. Mesmo que ela atinja indivíduos de todas as idades, acaba sendo bem mais comum a partir da meia-idade. Assim, ela é bastante associada ao envelhecimento.
Também segundo o Ministério da Saúde, cerca de 90% dos casos de diabetes em brasileiros são enquadrados nessa classificação.
Contudo, nem todos necessitam de tratamento com insulina, mas isso muda à medida que a condição progride. Geralmente, a combinação de remédios e mudança no estilo de vida são os meios para o controle.
O Cartão dr.consulta pode ser um aliado nessa missão, oferecendo acesso a diferentes exames e especialidades médicas com desconto, possibilitando a assistência adequada à saúde e o acompanhamento desse quadro crônico.
Complementarmente, com o programa Viva Bem, o paciente recebe suporte com um time multidisciplinar para tirar dúvidas sobre o cuidado com integral com esse e outros elementos do bem-estar:
Diabetes gestacional
As mudanças no organismo feminino para o crescimento fetal estão no centro dessa manifestação transitória.
Devido à oscilação hormonal, há um processo de resistência insulínica natural que exige que o pâncreas incremente sua produção de insulina para segurar a glicemia dentro da normalidade.
Quando essa compensação por maior demanda da substância não surge, observa-se a disparada dos níveis de glicose no sangue, caracterizando o diabetes gestacional. Alguns itens que contribuem para isso são:
- idade avançada ao engravidar;
- excesso de peso;
- diabetes em parentes de primeiro grau;
- ganho excessivo de peso durante a gravidez;
- feto que cresce rápido demais ou partos anteriores com bebês com mais de 4 kg;
- pré-eclâmpsia;
- abortos espontâneos repetidos;
- episódios passados de diabetes gestacional;
- hemoglobina glicada muito alta no trimestre inicial da gestação.
Estima-se que entre 2% e 4% das gestantes tenham esse diabetes característico da gravidez. Ele deve ser devidamente monitorado e tratado ao longo do pré-natal, sob risco de complicações para a mãe e a criança.
No longo prazo, é provável que a presença desse episódio de desbalanço no nível glicêmico contribua para o aparecimento do diabetes tipo 2 em ambos.
Sintomas mais comuns de cada tipo de diabetes
Principalmente nos estágios iniciais, essa é uma alteração silenciosa. Com o avanço dos danos ao funcionamento do organismo, determinados indícios são notados.
Diabetes tipo 1
Indivíduos nesse estado frequentemente experimentam uma perda de peso não explicada, mesmo com alimentação suficiente. Além disso, talvez sejam percebidos desconfortos envolvendo:
- fome e sede permanentes;
- necessidade de urinar constantemente;
- fraqueza;
- fadiga.
Não é raro que a procura por apoio especializado e a confirmação do diabetes tipo 1 só aconteça diante de uma crise de hiperglicemia ou da cetoacidose diabética.
Nesses casos, que representam uma emergência, a descompensação do açúcar é tão grande que a pessoa começa a sentir sonolência, dificuldade para respirar, náuseas, vômitos e a sensação de hálito adocicado.
Diabetes tipo 2
Além dos sinais e sintomas já listados, a evolução do comprometimento lentamente traz uma série de alterações que indicam que algo não vai bem:
- formigamento nas extremidades do corpo, incluindo pés e mãos;
- infecções em diversas regiões, passando por bexiga, rins e pele;
- feridas, muitas vezes superficiais, que demoram para cicatrizar;
- visão embaçada, que vai piorando com o tempo.
Tais prejuízos já são decorrentes do desequilíbrio metabólico que interfere em funções básicas, avaliadas por um clínico geral ou encaminhadas para um endocrinologista.
Diabetes gestacional
Igualmente imperceptível, só gera queixas em casos avançados. Assim, a grávida percebe, de modo sutil, mais sede, vontade de urinar, ganho de peso além do esperado ou repetidas infecções.
Em nenhum dos casos, seja qual for a causa ou o tipo do diabetes, é recomendável esperar por suspeitas claras para buscar ajuda especializada. O monitoramento de rotina permite identificar a disfunção no início, antes de qualquer sinal.
Atitudes que podem contribuir na prevenção do diabetes
A Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes orienta que adultos acima de 35 anos repitam periodicamente o exame que mede o açúcar na corrente sanguínea. As gestantes devem ser orientadas especificamente do momento correto para isso, o que ocorre até a semana 28 de gravidez.
O teste de glicemia em jejum é o primeiro passo para determinar a obrigatoriedade de avaliações que confirmem ou descartem o diagnóstico. Posteriormente, recursos com a medição da curva glicêmica e da hemoglobina glicada são relevantes.
Esse monitoramento eventualmente identifica o que os especialistas chamam de pré-diabetes: um degrau intermediário em que não é possível bater o martelo e confirmar o diabetes tipo 2. Com a abordagem adequada, ele é reversível.
Seja como for, é viável investir em escolhas ao longo da vida para reduzir a probabilidade de ter diabetes (sobretudo o tipo 2). As mudanças com maior efeito sobre isso incluem:
- permanecer fisicamente ativo, praticando um pouco de exercício regularmente;
- controlar adequadamente o peso;
- monitorar pressão alta e colesterol;
- seguir uma dieta balanceada, que evite exageros nos alimentos cheios de sal, de gordura e de açúcar;
- manter a assistência médica regular, com a realização dos exames necessários conforme a orientação fornecida.
Em suma, as causas da diabetes combinam tanto com coisas com as quais não há nada a ser feito (componentes genéticos ou perturbações autoimunes) quanto aspectos relacionados à qualidade de vida, em que ajustes evitam as complicações associadas, em especial no futuro.
Fontes:
[…] parcela do seu surgimento está associado a persistência de aspectos individuais, […]
[…] como for, as causas mais comuns para uma crise hipoglicêmica […]
[…] partir do momento em que a base do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 é deficiência da produção de insulina, frequentemente a estratégia de controle passa pela […]
[…] alguns dos mais relevantes para isso estão hipertensão arterial descontrolada, diabetes, infecções virais, uso desregulado de álcool, efeitos colaterais de determinados medicamentos ou […]
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