O que é preciso conhecer sobre alimentação na diabetes
A terapia nutricional é um importante pilar para o controle do distúrbio metabólico. Seguir uma dieta saudável e balanceada é essencial para manter a glicemia em níveis normais e prevenir o agravamento da condição.
O conteúdo a seguir traz orientações sobre a alimentação na diabetes tipo 1 e 2, incluindo instruções para o consumo de frutas, produtos diet, horários das refeições e o que comer fora de casa.
Como deve ser a alimentação no diabetes tipo 1
O tratamento nutricional do tipo 1 não inclui restrições severas, explica a SBD em suas diretrizes sobre a alimentação desse grupo de pacientes.
A abordagem atual foca em flexibilidade e personalização do plano alimentar, levando em consideração o peso, a glicemia, preferências da pessoa, risco de hipoglicemia e aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais do indivíduo. Nesse sentido, a entidade recomenda:
- priorizar alimentos in natura, como laticínios, grãos integrais e outros itens de baixo índice glicêmico;
- individualizar a quantidade de carboidratos oferecida ao paciente conforme sua necessidade;
- ingerir, no mínimo, 14g de fibras a cada 1000 Kcal por dia para melhorar o risco cardiovascular e o controle glicêmico;
- manter o consumo de alimentos ricos em ômega-3 (peixes, nozes e sementes são alguns exemplos);
- considerar a adoção de dieta low-carb, em alguns casos, para equilibrar a glicemia no curto prazo – não no longo pela falta de evidências científicas sobre eficácia e segurança;
- fazer a contagem de carboidratos, teor de proteínas e de gorduras.

Como deve ser a alimentação no diabetes tipo 2
Para os pacientes com essa variação da condição, as recomendações da SBD em suas diretrizes:
- evitar carboidratos simples ou refinados (açúcar, massas, arroz branco, refrigerantes) de rápida absorção;
- priorizar alimentos ricos em fibras e minimamente processados;
- consumir entre 15% e 20% do valor energético total diário, variando entre 1g e 1,5g por kg de peso corporal, para aqueles com função renal preservada;
- ingerir, no mínimo, 25g de fibras diariamente, na proporção de 14g para cada 1000 kcal, para melhorar a glicemia e reduzir as chances de hiperglicemia após as refeições;
- compor a dieta gorduras totais (ou seja, a soma de todas as gorduras consumidas) entre 20% e 35% das calorias diárias;
- priorizar ácidos graxos mono e poli-insaturados (como azeite e óleos vegetais) em vez de gorduras saturadas (presentes em carnes vermelhas e manteiga) por oferecerem menor risco de doenças cardiovasculares;
- usar produtos especiais para diabetes como auxiliadores do controle glicêmico;
- considerar o uso de suplementos nutricionais como substitutos parciais de refeições e auxiliadores para a redução de peso.
Para traçar um plano nutricional adequado, é fundamental a orientação de um especialista em Nutrição. O profissional saberá traçar as melhores estratégias e fazer a composição ideal do cardápio com alimentos que são permitidos para diabéticos.
E os resultados podem ser ainda melhores com acompanhamento completo. Com o Cartão dr.consulta, é possível ter acesso a exames e a consultas com diferentes especialistas.
Por meio do programa Viva Bem, o paciente recebe suporte e orientações sobre hábitos saudáveis via WhatsApp com um time multidisciplinar e consultas on-line de enfermagem para prevenir o agravamento de condições como a diabetes, hipertensão e colesterol alto (dislipidemia).

Outras recomendações para a alimentação de diabéticos
1. Comer de 4 a 6 vezes por dia
A SBD orienta que a pessoa com diabetes se alimente várias vezes ao longo do dia, sempre com moderação na quantidade e na escolha dos produtos.
É importante que as refeições sejam em horários determinados e pouco espaçados (de duas horas e quatro horas de intervalo entre elas). A entidade de saúde reforça a importância de que o café da manhã não seja esquecido.
2. Manter o equilíbrio ao se alimentar fora de casa
Pacientes com diabetes não estão proibidos de frequentar restaurantes ou outros espaços para alimentação. Porém, é preciso atenção para que esse momento não ofereça riscos ao equilíbrio alimentar.
Ao montar o prato, dar preferência a verduras, legumes, peixes e demais alimentos integrais; escolher um carboidrato apenas (massa, arroz ou batata); evitar frituras, empanados, creme de leite e manteiga; trocar a batata frita por opções assadas ou cozidas.
3. Frutas podem ser consumidas (mas com cuidado)
A recomendação da SDB é que o paciente se atente à quantidade consumida para que a glicemia não seja afetada negativamente. Vale lembrar que não existe fruta proibida para pessoas com diabetes.
4. Diminuir a quantidade de sal
Ele não deve ser eliminado da dieta, mas reduzido. A orientação da SBD é o consumo de 6g (1 colher de chá) por dia. Para ajudar, uma estratégia é remover o saleiro de cima da mesa na hora de comer.
5. Atenção aos produtos diet
Embora produzidos especialmente para esse público, os alimentos diet não podem ser usados indiscriminadamente. Como lembra a SBD, alguns deles não deixam de ter açúcar, mas outros nutrientes, e podem alterar os valores de glicemia para cima.
6. Beber água e evitar o álcool
O paciente não pode deixar de se manter hidratado. A SBD indica uma quantidade mínima de 2 litros de água por dia. Além do refrigerante, é importante que o álcool seja evitado; e que jamais nenhum deles sirva como fonte de hidratação.
Com todas essas informações, é possível montar uma dieta que proporciona riqueza nutricional para o paciente e com as adaptações devidas para que os riscos da diabetes sejam evitados.
Fontes:
- Associação Nacional de Atenção ao Diabetes;
- Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes – Consumo de frutas e Diabetes;
- Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes – Manual de Nutrição;
- Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes – Produtos dietéticos;
- Diretrizes Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes – Terapia Nutricional no Diabetes tipo 1;
- Diretrizes Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes – Terapia Nutricional no Pré-Diabetes e no Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2..
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